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16 December, The Victory Day of Bangladesh has just passed. Over the last 43 years, since as an independent country, we have seen much political violence, army rules, assassinations of heads of state, polarisation between political parties and conflicts at various levels growing and getting deeper and deeper. Most of the killings and political violence that took place soon after Bangladesh was created were within the winning side of the liberation war (freedom fighters and pro liberation forces). Sheikh Mujib and General Ziaur Rahma were both killed by freedom fighters of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Many other leaders and brave fighters who got engaged in THE struggles for power and control during the early years of independence also belonged to the pro-Bangladesh camp.

Although fought in unity during the war various groups fell out with each other after the liberation of the country. Part of the post independent conflict must be due to the existence of ideological differences between main actors / players and sections of the people of Bangladesh This should encourage us to think hard to understand why the majority of the people in the then East Pakistan either fought for or supported the struggle for independence, but later got divided. However, rather than undertaking this important task our political parties and current generations of leaders and intellectuals do not seem to want to ask deeper questions and try to understand why so much violence took place within the winning sides of the liberation war soon after the independence of Bangladesh.

Rather, they use partisan and ideological readings of the war to gain political advantage, which is leading our country to nowhere except temporary advantage for one group against another and into deeper problems for us all as a country. I urge everyone to ask deep questions and only through going deeper into the subject matter would we ever have a chance of changing our situation for the better.

I  celebrated Bangladesh Victory Day 2014 by reposting a piece I wrote previously asking the question;

WHY WAS BANGLADESH CREATED AND WHAT KIND OF BANGLADESH WAS DREAMT OF BY THOSE WHO FOUGHT FOR AND SUPPORTED THE EFFORTS FOR INDEPENDENCE DURING THE LIBERATION WAR?

There is currently a deep confusion about the reason why Bangladesh was created and what kind of Bangladesh was envisaged by the supporters of independence. I think the confusion has been caused by politicians and some thinkers claiming something else than actually what happened. The liberation war took place as a result of the Pakistani army initiating a military action to silence those who were demanding the implementation of the 1970 election result. Off course, there were all sorts of other demands from a variety of groups in East Pakistan and the Awami League's voice was the strongest.

When the war started the majority from all sections just wanted to fight and liberate the country. Exactly what the liberated country should look like was not discussed and debated before the process of liberation had started. After the liberation, and within a few years, a section of the pro-liberation forces, some who fought bravely, turned against Sheikh Mujib and the Awami League. Later, a section of that group created the BNP. This should give one good reasons to think about and question claims and assertions being made by the Awami League with regard to the liberation war.

During the 20th Century we had a number of movements and major upheavals in our country's history, like the partition in 1947 and the liberation war in 1971. Each time the vast majority of Bengali Muslims united to support one side first, in 1947 for partition under the leadership of Jinnah (Muslim League) and in 1971 for liberation under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib (Awami League), and then quickly changed their minds and became disunited after the main objectives of the movements were achieved.

After the creation of Pakistan trouble had started quite soon, which began to divide the supporters of the Pakistan movement in East Pakistan. I think that happened primarily for three main reasons.

First, although the Bengali Muslims supported the Pakistan movement because of a perceived fear of Hindu domination, things changed very quickly after the creation of the new nation. One side thought that the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim homeland in the Indian subcontinent meant that it should be based on Islamic principles or Islamic law and another side thought that they did not support partition for implementing Islamic Shariah. Rather, they just wanted to escape from perceived fear of Hindu domination under an independent India.

Second, how Pakistan should be ruled became an issue with two wings separated by 1000 miles of India in between.

Third, culture and linguistic issues and the perceived irreconcilable differences between the two wings in these regard also created divisions within Bengali Muslims. Some Bengali Muslims soon started to become disillusioned with the Pakistan idea. There was very little prior discussion and agreed consensus before Pakistan was created in terms of exactly what it would and should look like. The majority of people supported the creation of Pakistan because of the context, political failures to find a solution, large-scale communal violence taking place, etc. and just went with a process that was perhaps seen as inevitable at that time.

Similarly, during the Liberation War most Bengali Muslims and Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan supported the freedom struggle. Before the war had started majority of Bengali Muslims supported the Awami League Party under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib in the 1970 election who achieved an overwhelming victory. But the questions before the election were not about Bengali Nationalism, secularism or socialism.

They were based on Mujib's six point demand - federal constitution; centre dealing with defense and foreign policy only; either two separate, freely convertible currencies for the two Wings, or one currency with two separate reserve banks to prevent inter-Wing flight of capital; the power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units; economic disparities between the two Wings shall disappear through a series of economic, fiscal, and legal reforms; and a militia or paramilitary force must be created in East Pakistan.

The liberation struggle was imposed on us by the Pakistani military actions taken to destroy the voice of those demanding the implementation of the 1970 election results. People supported Sheikh Mujib and the Awami League in the election based on primarily these six point political demands and no discussion took place and consensus achieved between the wide-ranging groups and orientations with regard to how an independent Bangladesh should look like before the country was created. The Liberation War was imposed on us on 26 March 1971 and the vast majority of the people from right to left and from all shades of opinions supported the war efforts for freedom.

However, soon after Bangladesh gained its independence the Awami League started to construct a Bangladesh based on the narrow visions of secularists and Bengali nationalists. Many people who supported and fought bravely for liberation felt betrayed by Mujib. Just like what happened soon after the creation of Pakistan similar divisions started to appear in an independent Bangladesh. People began to resent what the Awami League was doing. Many of those who supported and fought bravely for Bangladesh's liberation first began to get disillusioned and then started to oppose the Awami League government under Mujib. Between 1972 and 1975 there were many many different groups with different ideas about what the new country should look like. There were also high levels of insecurity, conflicts, state violence, etc.

At first Mujib tried to create a Bengali Nationalist and Secularist democracy with socialism as a principle and then in 1975 he created the Bakshal one party dictatorship and banned all other parties. In 1974 there was a massive famine under the watch of his leadership. We saw on British TV channels nearly every day images of starvation and death in Bangladesh, which was so upsetting. He was killed by a group of freedom fighters, not Razakars, and many of his own party men supported the killers and joined in the new administration, including Khondkar Mushtak Ahmed who lead the first post Mujib administration.

General Ziaur Rahman, who is alleged to have encouraged indirectly the killers of Mujib to go ahead with their coup plan, was a brave freedom fighter too who later founded the BNP. Khondkar M Ahmed was the first foreign minister of independent Bangladesh and served in the Mujib's cabinet in other capacities too. He is said to have supported the coup, proclaimed himself the president after the killing of Sheikh Mujib. During the liberation war he was in part of the exiled Mujibnagar government.